x

    Book Now

    Disease Spectrum

    Disease Spectrum

    ESOPHAGUS

    Esophageal Cancer

     Yearly 4.2 per 100,000 people develop esophageal cancer resulting in dysphagia. Five year survival is 18% at later stages. Early assessment and surgical intervention improves the overall outcome

    Motility Disorders

    It is dysfunction of the esophagus that causes  dysphagia, heartburn, and chest pain. Achalasia cardia is the most common type. Medical treatment allows temporary whereas  myotomy along with fundoplication allows permanent resolution of symptoms

    Strictures

    Corrosive ingestion results in stricture formation causing complete luminal obstruction. Endoscopic dilatation, alone or with injections of corticosteroids and removable self-expanding intra-luminal stents and surgery are various treatment options

    Esophageal Perforation

    A surgical emergency having a mortality rate of 40 to 80 %. The golden period of surgical intervention is within 12 to 48 hours. Any intervention done beyond this time frame holds high morbidity and mortality

    Disease Spectrum

    LUNGS

    Aspergilloma

    Aspergilloma, also known as fungal ball, develops in pre-existing pulmonary cavities. It usually occurs in patients with underlying lung disease such as tuberculosis, cystic lung diseases. Symptoms may include chest pain, cough and hemoptysis

    Hydatid Cyst

    Hydatid disease is caused by a parasitic infection resulting in formation of cysts within the lung parenchyma. It can remain asymptomatic or can present with chest pain and discomfort due to increasing size. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice

    Lung Cancer

    Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. The incidence increases with age. It is strongly associated with smoking, exposure to radiation therapy, radon gas and other carcinogens. Mostly patients present at an advanced stage

    Tuberculosis

    Tuberculosis is a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and affects around 8.7 million people worldwide. It usually presents with pulmonary manifestations but can involve extra-pulmonary sites such as pleura, lymph nodes, cold abscess, bones, meninges, intestines,etc

    Bullae

    A bulla refers to an air-filled space within the lung parenchyma that is greater than 1-2cm in diameter. Common causes include tobacco smoking, alpha 1 anti-trypsin deficiency, inflammatory and cystic lung disease

    Disease Spectrum

    MEDIASTINUM

    Thymus

    Thymoma often result in signs and symptoms of myasthenia gravis which affects all skeletal muscles of the body causing fatigue, diplopia, dysphagia etc. Thymectomy allows complete remission in 55 percent and decrease in medication dosage in the rest

    Teratoma

    A type of germ cell tumor that may contain immature or fully formed tissue, including teeth, hair, bone and muscle. Surgical excision is the mainstay of treatment compared to other forms of germ cell tumors

    Lymphoma

    Tumors originating from cells of the lymphatic system. Their presentation varies on the histological subtype requiring tissue biopsy. Treatment options include chemotherapy, radiation therapy and monoclonal antibodies

    Thyroid

    Mediastinal ectopic thyroid gland is a rare entity and accounts for approximately 1% of all mediastinal tumours. Retrosternal goitre often require thoracic surgical intervention

    Neurogenic Tumor

    Neurogenic tumors originate from cells that make up the nervous system. They are the most common tumors of the mediastinum (the region between the lungs). Neurogenic tumors are commonly found in the posterior mediastinum, also known as paravertebral space, the back of the spine

    Disease Spectrum

    PLEURA

    Effusion

    Pleural effusion is the accumulation of fluid in between the parietal and visceral pleura, called the pleural cavity. It occurs as a result of surrounding parenchymal disease like infection, malignancy, or inflammatory conditions

    Empyema

    Empyema is pus in the thoracic cavity along with a thick fibrous peel completely entrapping the lung. Common causes are tuberculosis, parapneumonic effusion, poorly managed tube thoracostomy. Decortication via open thoracotomy or VATS is the preferred managed option

    Tumor

    Primary pleural malignancies are rare tumors of the thorax with solitary fibrous tumor as the most common subtype. Mesothelioma is a highly malignant form with poor outcome. Additionally, majority of pleural masses are secondary to metastasis

    Pneumothorax/Hydrothorax

    Air or fluid in the pleural space results in alteration of respiratory physiology.It can lead to hypoxemia eventually causing cardiopulmonary arrest. Tube thoracostomy is the initial treatment that allows further assessment for the need of any major surgical intervention

    Disease Spectrum

    TRACHEA

    Tracheal Stenosis

    Prolonged intubation , poor tracheostomy, trauma or infection result in the development of stenosis which causes upper airway obstruction and asphyxiation. Definitive treatment is resection and primary anastomosis

    Foreign Body

    Accidental ingestion of scarf pin, sewing needle or beetle nuts etc are frequently seen in younger age group. Extraction via bronchoscopy prevents complications such as pneumothorax, hemoptysis, fistula or bronchiectasis

    Tracheal Tumors

    Rare tumors with low survival rate if not managed aggressively. Squamous and adenoid cystic are common types mostly seen in adults. Surgery followed with chemotherapy provides a favorable outcome

    Disease Spectrum

    CHEST WALL

    Tumor

    They form 2 % of all tumors and 5 -10% of all thoracic tumors. Common presentation includes a lump or a painful nodule. Surgery with or without reconstruction provides better histopathological clearance

    Abscess

    Include sebaceous cyst, carbuncle, cold abscess. They develop following trauma, tuberculosis or in immunocompromised states. Management is directed towards drainage and antibiotic therapy

    Flail Chest

    Three or more rib fractures at two or more places results in paradoxical movement of chest. Subsequently, it results in poor mechanical ventilation causing respiratory compromise. Nerve blocks, invasive ventilation and rib fixation are the preferred treatments

    Disease Spectrum

    DIAPHRAGM

    Eventration

    Thinning of a portion or all of the diaphragm where muscle has been replaced by fibroelastic tissue resulting in recurrent infections and shortness of breath. Plication of diaphragm allows resolution of symptoms

    Diaphragmatic Hernia

    Hernia can be congenital or acquired following a penetrating or blunt chest injury. Presenting symptoms are dyspnea, orthopnea, bowel obstruction or distress. Reduction of abdominal content with repair of defect is the definitive treatment